Recruitment began October 2021 and ended September 30, 2023. We recruited adults (ages 18+) and children (ages 4-17) who lived in the Fountain, Security, Stratmoor Hills, and Widefield areas between 2006 and October 2015. Children whose mothers were pregnant with them and living in the area during this time may also be eligible to participate.

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Those who were ever employed as a firefighter, ever participated in fire training exercises using Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Concentrates (AFFF), or were ever employed in industrial facilities that used PFAS chemicals in the manufacturing process were not eligible .

• Study team members scheduled and administered an eligibility screening over the phone, then scheduled a phone questionnaire and a study office visit. The questionnaire was conducted during the office visit or by phone.

• During the study office visit the study participant was asked to provide a blood sample, urine sample, and body measurements. 

• If the study participant was a child or adolescent, they also completed a neurobehavioral assessment, which includes a series of behavioral, learning, and memory games.

Adult participants received up to $75 in gift cards for completing all parts of the study. Children participants received up to $100 in gift cards for completing all parts of the study. Participants will also receive a personalized report with their lipid panel and PFAS blood test results within 12 months of their study appointment.

The researchers collected participant data on lipids, kidney function, liver function, thyroid and sex hormones, glucose and insulin parameters, markers of immune function, as well as neurobehavioral outcomes in children.